Fertility Glossary

A

Adhesions
Bands of scar tissue caused by surgical procedures, endometriosis, or infections. Adhesions connect two organs together, affecting normal reproductive function.

Adverse event
In pharmacology, any unexpected or dangerous reaction to a drug

Agglutination of sperm
When sperm cells clump or stick together.

Amenorrhea
Absence of menstrual cycles (periods).

American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM)
A professional society of more than 10,000 members who work in the field of reproductive healthcare. It provides educational information and sets standards of care for reproductive medicine.

Amniocentesis
Sampling a small quantity of the fluid that surrounds the fetus that permits detection of certain abnormalities.

Androgen
A hormone, such as testosterone, that stimulates the male sex drive.

Andrology
A specialty focusing on male infertility in assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Anovulation
A condition in which a woman does not release mature eggs on a regular basis for fertilization. Roughly 40 percent of couples that seek treatment for infertility are diagnosed with anovulation.

Antagon
A GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) antagonist (drug used to block the action of GnRH) that can prevent a premature LH surge, and is sometimes prescribed in ovulation induction therapies. GnRH antagonists need to be injected during the time period when a LH surge is likely to occur.

Antisperm Antibodies
An immune system response that causes the body to attack and kill off sperm. Both men and women can develop antisperm antibodies.

Artificial Insemination
A procedure in which sperm are introduced into a woman’s uterus through clinical means instead of through sexual intercourse. Artificial insemination, also called "intrauterine insemination," increases the likelihood that sperm will reach and fertilize an egg

Aspermia
The complete absence of semen.

Aspiration
The application of light suction to the ovarian follicle to remove the eggs in IVF, or to tubules in the testis to remove sperm in TESA.

ASRM
See American Society of Reproductive Medicine.

Assisted Hatching
A sophisticated micromanipulation technique for perforating the shell surrounding the egg (the zona pellucida) so that the embryo can "break out" and implant in the uterus. As women get older, the zona pellucida may become harder or tougher, making it difficult for the embryos to hatch. As a result, implantation and pregnancy may not occur. Using micromanipulation, a portion of the zona pellucida (outer shell) is thinned by applying a weak acid solution to a very small area.

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
Treatments and procedures involving the handling of human eggs and sperm for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy. Types of ART include in vitro fertilization (IVF), oocyte donation, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), assisted hatching, fragment removal, embryo cryopreservation, frozen embryo transfer, and oocyte donation.

Asthenozoospermia
Low count of moving (motility) sperm, ie. they don’t swim forward well.

Autoimmune Infertility

When your body fights against aspects of the reproductive process, the immune system can react against hormones, sperm, embryo implantation, and placental blood flow.

Aygestin (Norethindrone Acetate)
Aygestin is a form of progestin, a synthetic substance that chemically resembles progesterone, that may be prescribed in ovulation induction therapies to inhibit ovulation and quiet the ovaries in advance of egg stimulation using injectable hormones. This "down time" helps the ovaries respond better to treatment. In much the same way that oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy by inhibiting normal ovulation, Aygestin is used in IVF and related procedures to turn off the body's natural ovulatory cycle. Side effects of Aygestin may include: abdominal pain or cramps; diarrhea; fatigue; unusual tiredness; weakness; hot flashes; decreased sex drive; nausea; trouble sleeping; depression, irritability, or other mood changes; swelling in the face, ankles, or feet; weight gain.

Azoospermia
The absence of sperm in the ejaculate.

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B

Baby Aspirin
Low-dose aspirin (80 to 100 milligrams) used in infertility treatment to thin the blood.

Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
The body temperature at rest. A slight rise in the BBT indicates that ovulation has occurred. Some female infertility patients are asked to fill out a BBT chart showing their temperature, taken orally, on consecutive days over a period of one or more months.

Biopsy
The removal of a sample of tissue for purposes of diagnosis. (Many definitions of "biopsy" stipulate that the sample of tissue is removed for examination under a microscope. This may or may not be the case. The diagnosis may be achieved by other means such as by analysis of chromosomes or genes.)

Blastocyst
An embryo that is approximately five days old and consists of some 100 cells that form an outer shell of cells protecting an attached inner group of cells surrounding a fluid core. The outer cells develop into the placenta, which protects the fetus created from the inner cells.

Blastocyst transfer
Allowing in vitro embryos to reach blastocyst stage (typically five days after fertilization) before transferring them into the uterus. By waiting for the embryos to reach a more developed stage, more viable embryos may be selected, and thus fewer embryos may be transferred than is customary when embryos are transferred on the third day of development.

Blastomere
A single cell from a developing embryo.

Blighted ovum
A pregnancy that stops developing very early on. The amniotic sac may contain fluid and no fetal tissue when the miscarriage occurs.

Blood
The familiar red fluid in the body that contains white and red blood cells, platelets, proteins and other elements. The blood is transported throughout the body by the circulatory system. Blood functions in two directions: arterial and venous. Arterial blood is the means by which oxygen and nutrients are transported to tissues while venous blood is the means by which carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products are transported to the lungs and kidneys, respectively, for removal from the body

Blood pressure
The blood pressure is the pressure of the blood within the arteries. It is produced primarily by the contraction of the heart muscle. It's measurement is recorded by two numbers. The first (systolic pressure) is measured after the heart contracts and is highest. The second (diastolic pressure) is measured before the heart contracts and lowest. A blood pressure cuff is used to measure the pressure. Elevation of blood pressure is called "hypertension".

Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
An oral medication used to lower the level of the hormone prolactin.

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C

Cancelled Cycle
Discontinuation of an ART cycle usually prompted by poor response to hormone therapy, no egg recovery or failed fertilization.

Capacitation
A process the sperm must undergo that enables fertilization.

Catheter
A thin, flexible tube used for aspirating or injecting fluids.

Cervical Factor
Infertility due to previous surgery or structural abnormality of the cervix. Also applied when there are factors associated with the cervix which inhibit sperm function.

Cervical mucus
A secretion produced by the lining of the cervical canal. The thickness of the mucus varies according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. In the days just before ovulation, the mucus is easily penetrable by sperm.

Cervical Position
The position of a woman’s cervix during her menstrual cycle. During ovulation a woman’s cervix will be high and the skin will feel soft to the touch. After ovulation the cervix lowers and the skin will feel tight and hard.

Cervix
The lower section of the uterus, which protrudes into the vagina and dilates during labor to allow the passage of the infant.

Chemical pregnancy
A pregnancy where hCG levels are detected but the pregnancy is lost before a heartbeat is seen on ultrasound. This is a very early miscarriage, often before the woman misses a period.

Chromosome
A visible carrier of the genetic information.

Cilia
Very small, hair-like structures that assist movement e.g. those lining the fallopian tubes assist with the movement of the egg and sperm.

Cleavage
The division of a fertilized egg. The embryo size remains unchanged; the cleavage cells become smaller with each division.

Clinical Pregnancy
A pregnancy that has reached the point at which the fetus has a detectable heartbeat as determined by ultrasound.

Clomiphene Citrate (Seraphene/Clomid)
Oral medication that induces ovulation by blocking estrogen receptors. This artificial estrogen effect causes your body to believe estrogen is low, triggering the production of more follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Clomiphene citrate is available in 50 mg tablets. It is used to stimulate the ovaries to produce one or more eggs in women who do not otherwise ovulate or have irregular cycles or infrequent periods. The dosage range is 25 mg (1�2 tablet) to 150 mg (3 tablets) once a day for five days early in a woman's menstrual cycle, frequently cycle days two through six. If your body responds properly to the drug, you should ovulate about a week after you have taken the last tablet. The dosage and the days the drug is taken are determined by your physician based on your diagnosis. Some form of monitoring is recommended while you are taking clomiphene citrate. This monitoring may include ultrasounds, blood estrogen levels, and/or urinary LH testing. Side effects may include: hot flashes, ovarian enlargement, breast tenderness, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, headache, and multiple pregnancy.

Clomid
See Clomiphene Citrate.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A routine preoperative blood test that gives information regarding infection and anemia.

Concentration of Motile Sperm
The quantity of motile sperm per milliliter of semen. motile sperm are those sperm that can readily swim to fertilize an egg.

Conception
1. The union of the sperm and the ovum. Synonymous with fertilization. 
2. The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium.
 3. A basic understanding of a situation or a principle.
 From the Latin conceptio, conceptionis meaning conception, becoming pregnant; drawing up of legal formulae; and from the Latin conceptus meaning conceiving, pregnancy; collecting, or a collection.

Congenital Anomaly
A characteristic or defect present at birth, it may be hereditary or acquired during gestation.

Corpus Luteum
After a woman ovulates, the fluid filled sac in which the egg matures (the follicle) becomes the corpus luteum. It continues to produce androgen, estrogen, and progesterone, hormones that prepare the uterine lining to accept and nurture the fertilized egg.

Cryopreservation
A technique that involves freezing and preserving embryos, oocytes, or sperm.

Cumulus
The cloud-like collection of supportive follicle cells that surround the oocyte.

Cycle Synchronization
A procedure for making sure that an egg donor and an egg recipient reach the middle of their menstrual cycle at the same time.

Cyst
A fluid-filled sac.

Cytoplasmic Transfer
A laboratory-based micromanipulation technique that involves the injection of the cytoplasm from a healthy egg from a donor into the core of another woman's egg. The intent is to overcome deficiencies that preclude normal development of embryos created after the deficient egg is fertilized.

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D

Donor Insemination
Artificial insemination with donor sperm.

Donor Embryo
An embryo formed from the egg of a woman who donated it (the donor) for transfer to a woman who is unable to conceive with her own eggs (the recipient).

Donor insemination
A procedure in which a fine catheter (tube) is inserted through the cervix (the natural opening of the uterus) into the uterus (the womb) to deposit a sperm sample from a man other than the woman's mate directly into the uterus. The purpose of this procedure is to achieve fertilization and pregnancy. Donor insemination is also called artificial insemination by donor (AID) or heterologous insemination. It is to be distinguished from artificial insemination by husband (AIH) which is homologous insemination

Ductus Deferens (vas)
A thick walled tubular structure running from each testis into the ejaculatory duct. These structures carry sperm from the epididymis to the penis.

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E

Ectopic
In the wrong place. Out of place. An ectopic kidney, for example, is one that is not in the usual location.

Ectopic pregnancy
A pregnancy that is not in the uterus. The fertilized egg settles and grows in any location other than the inner lining of the uterus. The large majority (95%) of ectopic pregnancies occur in the Fallopian tube. However, they can occur in other locations, such as the ovary, cervix, and abdominal cavity.

Egg
A female reproductive cell, also called an oocyte or ovum.

Egg Donation
Surgical removal of an egg from one woman for in vitro fertilization (IVF) and transfer into another woman.

Egg Harvest
See Egg Retrieval.

Egg Retrieval
Using a needle to puncture the wall of the vagina while a patient is under sedation, the physician enters the ovaries to retrieve the ripened eggs as part of in vitro fertilization. Also known as egg harvest, follicle aspiration, or oocyte aspiration.

Egg and Embryo Vitrification
Recent cryo technique which “flash freezes� eggs and embryos, preventing crystals, which may hamper results.

Ejaculate
The seminal fluid and sperm released from the penis during orgasm.

Ejaculatory Duct
Paired ducts in males that are located behind the bladder and within the prostate. The end of the vas deferens continues into the ejaculatory duct which transports sperm into the urethra.

Embryo
An egg in the early stages of growth from fertilization by a sperm until the eighth week of pregnancy.

Embryo Transfer
A quick and usually painless procedure involving the placement of embryos into a woman's uterus through the cervix after in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Embryology
A scientific specialty focusing on embryo development.

Embryologist
A scientist who is specially trained in the various aspects of embryo formation and their development, as well as assisted reproductive technologies.

Endocrinology
The study of the glands of the body: thymus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, testicles and ovaries.

Endometrial Biopsy
A procedure that involves removal of a small piece of endometrial tissue, the lining of the uterus, to determine whether it has the qualities required to sustain pregnancy.

Endometriosis
A disease in which tissue from the uterine lining grows outside of the uterus. When this tissue "sheds" during a menstrual cycle, blood and tissue collects in the abdomen.

Endometrium  
The inner lining of the uterus. The area of initial attachment of the conceptus. A portion of this lining is shed each month with menstruation.

Epididymis
An organ in the male reproductive tract that lies above and behind the testicles. It is a long convoluted canal, 10-20 foot-long central passageway attached to the male testes, where sperm are nourished, matured, and stored for several months.

Erectile Dysfunction
See "Impotence"

Estradiol (E2)
The most important hormone in the estrogen family. Produced by the corpus luteum, it promotes growth and maintenance of the reproductive system. Your doctor may take a blood test to determine your E2 level; if it is more than 50, your FSH level may be suppressed, which could indicate a compromised ovarian reserve despite a normal FSH level.

Estrogen
Estrogen is a female hormone produced by the ovaries. Estrogen deficiency can lead to osteoporosis.

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F

Fallopian Tubes
A pair of tubes, one on each side of the pelvis, leading from the ovaries to the uterus. The sperm and egg meet in the fallopian tubes during normal conception.

Falloposcopy
A procedure in which a woman’s fallopian tubes are examined for signs of damage. In some cases surgery may be necessary.

Female Factor Infertility
The condition when a couple's infertility is attributed to the woman.

Fertile
Able to conceive and bear offspring.

Fertility Drugs
Drugs used to spur ovulation in women and sperm production in men. Doctors will usually prescribe fertility drugs as a first approach to tackling infertility. Clomid®, Serophene®, Pergonal®, and Metrodin® are all commonly used fertility drugs

Fertilization
The process during which a sperm penetrates an egg, fusion of genetic material occurs, and an embryo develops.

Fetus
The stage of development of a pregnancy from the third month until delivery.

Fibroid
Also known as a myoma or leiomyoma, a benign (noncancerous) tumor found in the wall of the uterus. Fibroids are extremely common; more than 40% of all women develop fibroids, and most do not cause symptoms or require treatment. Some fibroids, however, may cause problems with fertility and should be removed. They may also be removed if they are growing large enough to cause pressure on other organs, such as the bladder, or are causing abnormal bleeding.

Fibroids
Fibroids are common, benign tumors of smooth muscle in the uterus (womb). Uterine fibroids are the most common reason for performing a hysterectomy . Fibroids do not produce symptoms in all women, but may lead to prolonged or heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain , and rarely to infertility . In addition to hysterectomy, less invasive surgical procedures have been employed to remove uterine fibroids . Fibroids can be detected by radiologic testing, such as ultrasound , CAT scan , or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Fimbria
The delicate ends of the fallopian tubes that help pick up the egg from the ovary.

Fluorescence In-situ Hybridization (FISH)
A laboratory technique, used in preimplantation genetic diagnosis, to distinguish abnormal cells taken from a human embryo. FISH uses probes - small pieces of DNA that are "labeled" with a fluorescent dye. When applied to the cell being studied, the probes attach to matching chromosomes, showing the geneticist whether the cell has an unbalanced make-up, indicating a genetic abnormality. Embryos with certain identifiable chromosomal abnormalities that may prevent implantation, contribute to pregnancy loss or result in a child born with a genetic disease are not transferred into the female during in vitro fertilization.

Follicle
A sac-like structure in the ovary that protects and nurtures a ripening egg until ovulation, the point at which the egg is released.

Follicle Aspiration
See Egg Retrieval.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
A hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, which promotes the development of ova in the female and testicular function in the male. In women, FSH stimulates the ovary to ripen a follicle during the menstrual cycle. High FSH values in a woman before menopause may mean that her ovaries are not working or that she may have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In men, FSH helps control the production of sperm. The amount of FSH in men normally remains constant. Injectable Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (brand names: Follistim, Gonal-F) is a genetically engineered (recombinant) form of FSH which is used to stimulate the recruitment and development of multiple eggs in women during an ovulation induction cycle. FSH products may be used alone or in combination with human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG). Due to the variability in response from patient to patient, each patient's cycle must be individualized. This requires ultrasound exams and blood estrogen levels to assess ovarian response. FSH is available only in an injectable form. You will need to learn injection techniques. FSH is administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This injection should be given at the same time each evening. Side effects may include: ovarian enlargement and discomfort, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple gestation, abdominal pain, and headache. Discomfort and bruising may occur at the injection site. Monitoring with ultrasounds and estradiol minimizes the risk of complications.

Follicular Fluid
The fluid inside the follicle that cushions and nourishes the ovum. When released during ovulation, the fluid stimulates the fimbria to grasp the ovary and coax the egg into the fallopian tube.

Follicular Phase
The first half of the menstrual cycle, during which the dominant follicle secretes large amounts of estrogen.

Follistim
See Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.

Fragment Removal
Performed in conjunction with assisted hatching, this laboratory-based technique involves removing tiny pieces of cytoplasm from between the individual cells of an embryo to help it develop normally.

Frozen Embryo Transfer (FET)
The transfer to the uterus of an embryo that has been frozen (cryopreserved) and then thawed.

FSH
See Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.

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G

Gamete
A male or female reproductive cell, i.e., a sperm or an ovum (egg).

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) – A fertility treatment that, when successful, allows fertilization to occur within a woman’s body. During the first stage of the GIFT treatment, a woman receives fertility drugs to stimulate production of multiple follicles and eggs. The woman’s hormone levels are measured so that the doctor will know when the eggs have reached maturity. At this point, the eggs are removed, combined with sperm, and quickly inserted into the woman’s fallopian tubes through a small incision in her abdomen. GIFT is not an appropriate treatment for women with closed fallopian tubes

Gene
A structure within the nucleus of a cell that contains hereditary characteristics. Genes consist of DNA and are found at specific locations on chromosomes.

Genetic Abnormality
A disorder resulting from a chromosomal error or a mistake in the structure of a gene.

Genetic Counseling
Advice offered by experts in genetics on the detection, consequences, and risk of recurrence of chromosomal and genetic disorders.

Geneticist
A specialist in the areas of biology that deal with genetic make-up and heredity. Geneticists in the field of human reproductive medicine focus on eggs and sperm as well as the embryos and offspring resulting from fertilization.

Gestation
The period of fetal development in the uterus from conception to birth, usually 40 weeks in humans.

Gestational Carrier
A woman who carries the pregnancy to term but is not the genetic parent of the baby. Also called Gestational Surrogate.

Gestational Sac
A fluid-filled structure surrounding a fetus that develops within the uterus early in pregnancy.

GnRH Agonists
Fertility drugs used to prevent the pituitary gland from releasing FSH and LH hormones. FSH and LH aid in normal ovulation, but may interfere with assisted reproductive treatments. Lupron, Synarel, and Zoladex are GnRH agonists used in the United States.

GnRH Antagonists
Fertility drugs that, like GnRH agonists, suppress ovulation. GnRH antagonists are effective at immediately preventing LH release. The two brands of GnRH antagonists used in the United States are Antagon and Cetrotide

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus, a control center in the brain, that prompts the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) into the bloodstream.

Gonal-F
See Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.

Gynecology
The branch of medicine particularly concerned with the health of the female organs of reproduction and diseases thereof

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H

hCG
See Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

hMG
See Human Menopausal Gonadotropin.

Hormonal Assay
Also known as hormone tests. These include tests for levels of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), DHEA-S dehydroepiandresterone), prolactin, progesterone, estrogen and hCG.

Hormone
A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs.

HSG
See Hysterosalpingogram.

Hamster Test
see Sperm Penetration Assay

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
A hormone produced following ovulation which aids the corpus luteum in the production of progesterone, required to prepare the uterine lining for implantation of the fertilized egg. One single dose of injectable HCG (brand names: Ovidrel, Profasi, Pregnyl) is given to IVF patients approximately 35 hours prior to egg retrieval. HCG completes the maturation of the eggs and readies them for retrieval. Side effects may include: headaches, irritability, restlessness, depression, fatigue, edema, and ovarian hyperstimulation.

Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG)
A hormone used to stimulate the development of multiple follicles. Injectable human menopausal gonadotropin, also known as menotropin (brand names: Humegon, Pergonal, Repronex), is a purified preparation of the naturally occurring hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These medications stimulate the ovaries to develop many follicles and mature eggs. If your pituitary does not release FSH and LH properly, hMG can be given to stimulate the production of eggs. Studies show that about 90% of women on hMG will ovulate and 40% will conceive when the tubes are patent, the sperm count is adequate, and the ovary has normal reserve. Formulations of hMG intended for intramuscular injection (an injection into muscle) must not be administered subcutaneously (into fat), and vice versa. If you are administering this medication at home, your doctor will give you detailed instructions on how to mix the solution and give yourself the injection. Do not inject menotropins if you are not sure how. Side effects may include: allergic reactions, ovarian enlargement and discomfort, hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple gestation, abdominal pain, and headaches. Discomfort and bruising may occur at the injection site. Monitoring with ultrasounds and blood tests minimizes the risk of complications.

Humegon
See Human Menopausal Gonadotropin.

Hydrocele
A fluid-filled swelling in the scrotum

Hydrosalpinx
Is a blocked, fluid-filled fallopian tube caused by a previous tubal infection. Mild cases may be opened surgically. If both fallopian tubes are completely blocked (hydrosalpinges), conception can not occur without medical intervention. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the method of choice. The fluid from the hydrosalpinx appears to reduce the success of embryo implantation and increase the chance of miscarriage. Because of this, your physician may recommend removing your tube(s) to increase your chances of success with IVF.

Hyperprolactinemia
An overproduction of prolactin by the pituitary gland, this condition affects ovulation and breast milk production.

Hyperstimulation Syndrome
See Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome.

Hypogonadism
A disorder affecting men that can lead to infertility. It is caused by a lack of GnRH and therefore a testosterone deficiency.

Hypothalmic Amenorrhea
This results when the hypothalamus, a gland in the brain, stops producing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release the appropriate levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) needed for egg development and ovulation.

Hypothalamus
A portion of the brain that acts as a "pacemaker" controlling the production and periodic release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Hypothyroidism
Caused by an underactive thyroid, this affects hormone production and can cause irregular periods and breast milk production in women who aren't pregnant.

Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)
A radiological examination of the female reproductive system in which radiographic contrast (dye) is injected into the uterine cavity through the vagina and cervix and X-ray pictures are taken as the dye is expelled from your reproductive system. The uterine cavity fills with dye, and if the fallopian tubes are open, the dye will then fill the tubes and spill out into the abdominal cavity, allowing the doctor to determine whether the fallopian tubes are open or blocked and whether the blockage is located at the junction of the tube and the uterus (proximal) or at the end of the fallopian tube (distal). These two areas where the tube is most commonly blocked have different causes. If blockage is detected, your doctor will discuss with you effective treatments for tubal factor infertility. Your HSG can also give us a better picture of the uterine cavity and detect the presence of polyps, fibroids, or scar tissue. The fallopian tubes can also be examined for defects or blockage.

Hysterosonogram
Also called Saline Infusion Sonography (SIS) or sonohystogram (SonoHSG), hysterosonogram is a test to study the inner surface of the uterus. An ultrasound is performed using a vaginal probe, and at the same time saline solution is injected into the uterus through a thin catheter. This helps delineate the inner contents of the uterus. Lumps called submucosal fibroids or polyps cannot be seen well without the injection of saline solution. This test is used to find the cause of heavy periods and to investigate infertility and repeated miscarriages.

Hysteroscopy
An outpatient diagnostic procedure in which the physician uses a fiber optic scope, inserted through the vagina and cervical canal, to examine the inside of the uterus. If adhesions or blockages exist, they often can be removed at the same time in what's known as an "operative hysteroscopy." In an operative hysteroscopy specialized surgical instruments are inserted through the scope. Guided by the hysteroscope, surgery on the lining of the uterus can remove polyps and fibroids, correct congenital uterine abnormalities and surgically excise the lining of the uterus to manage heavy menstrual flow.

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I

ICSI
See Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection.

Immunological Response
Condition when either partner produces sperm antibodies, which may cause infertility.

Implantation
The embedding of a fertilized egg in the endometrium of the uterus.

Impotence
The inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection and to ejaculate due to physical or emotional problems or a combination thereof. Impotence is not to be confused with sterility.

Incomplete Abortion
A miscarriage where some tissue is passed but some remains in the uterus.

Infertility
The inability of a couple to achieve a pregnancy after one year of unprotected sex, or the inability of a woman to carry a pregnancy to live birth.  A general term used to describe conditions that interfere with a couple’s ability to have a child. Low sperm count, blocked fallopian tubes, hormonal imbalance, and fibroid tumors cause infertility for many couples. Through medical treatments, conditions that cause infertility are often overcome.

Infertility Clinics
Medical facilities that focus on diagnosing and treating couples who have been unsuccessful in their attempts to have children.

Inhibin
One of two hormones (inhibin A and inhibin B) that inhibit the production of follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland. Women with low levels of Inhibin-B have been found to have more impaired ovulation during IVF, lower pregnancy rates, and higher miscarriage rates. Inhibin B may be tested on day three of the menstrual cycle to measure ovarian reserve.

Injectable Fertility Medications
Medications given by injection in fertility treatments such as ovulation induction and IVF, which may include the following drugs: Lupron (leuprolide acetate, a GnRH analog) to prevent premature ovulation; FSH (Follistim /Gonal-F), a genetically engineered (recombinant) form of follicle-stimulating hormone, used to stimulate the recruitment and development of multiple eggs; hMG (Humegon/Repronex), a purified preparation of the naturally occurring hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), also used to stimulate the ovaries to develop many follicles and mature eggs; and hCG or Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (Ovidrel/Profasi/Pregnyl), a natural hormone that helps with the final maturation of the eggs and triggers the ovaries to release the mature eggs (ovulation).

Insemination
The deposition of semen in the female reproductive tract. Under normal circumstances, the deposit is made within the vagina or the cervix (the opening to the uterus). By artificial means (such as intrauterine insemination), the deposit can be made directly into the uterus.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
A micromanipulation procedure, ICSI is used most commonly in cases of severe male infertility. It involves injection of a single sperm directly into the core of an egg. In order to undergo ICSI, a couple must follow the same steps as for in vitro fertilization (IVF). All treatments and procedures are the same as those for standard IVF, with the addition of the ICSI procedure itself. Fertilization rates following ICSI are similar to those of standard IVF.

Intrauterine
In the uterus (the womb). As opposed to extrauterine: outside the uterus.

Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
Intrauterine insemination uses injectable fertility medications or oral medications (clomiphene citrate) to stimulate the release of mature eggs on a known schedule. At maturation, a semen specimen is obtained, which may be washed (separated from the seminal fluid) and prepared in an andrology laboratory, to increase its potency. The semen is then placed into a catheter, which is positioned into the woman's uterus, where the semen is released.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
An assisted reproductive technology that involves ovulation induction and the surgical removal of eggs from the woman's ovaries, which are then combined with sperm in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization. If fertilization occurs, a limited number of resulting embryos are transferred to the uterus.

IUI
See Intrauterine Insemination.

IVF
See In Vitro Fertilization.

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K

Karyotype
The general appearance, including size, number, and shape, of the set of somatic chromosomes. Karyotyping involves creating a photomicrograph of an individual's chromosomes arranged in a standard format showing the number, size, and shape of each chromosome type.

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L

Labor
Childbirth, the aptly-named experience of delivering the baby and placenta from the uterus to the vagina to the outside world. There are two stages of labor. During the first stage (called the stage of dilatation), the cervix dilates fully to a diameter of about 10 cm. In the second stage (called the stage of expulsion), the baby moves out through the cervix and vagina to be born.

Laparoscope
A thin, lighted viewing instrument with a telescopic lens through which a surgeon views the exterior surfaces of a female's reproductive organs and abdominal cavity.

Laparoscopy
A procedure that allows a physician to view the ovaries, as well as the outside of the fallopian tubes and uterus, with a scope inserted through a small incision through the umbilicus. If necessary, growths and blockages may be removed during the same procedure.

Laparotomy
Inpatient surgery performed through an abdominal incision. It may be performed for procedures such as a myomectomy, excision of endometriosis and ovarian tumors. In certain situations a laparotomy, as opposed to a laparoscopy, is necessary to gain better access of the pelvis and is the safer surgical choice.

Leiomyoma
See Fibroid.

Leuprolide acetate
See Lupron.

LH
See Luteinizing Hormone.

LH Surge
The spiking release of luteinizing hormone (LH) that causes release of a mature egg from its follicle. Ovulation test kits detect the sudden release of LH, signaling that ovulation is about to occur (usually within 24-36 hours).

Lupron
The brand name for Leuprolide acetate, a GnRH analog. Lupron suppresses the brain's secretion of LH and FSH. It is used in preparation for cycles of treatment with ovulation induction drugs (hMG and/or FSH) for IVF. Lupron causes the ovaries to shut down and rest (suppression). Given a chance to rest, the ovaries respond better and a more controlled cycle can be achieved. Lupron enables the ovaries to respond with the recruitment of multiple follicles since in most cases it can override the selection of a single dominant follicle. It also prevents premature ovulation (release of eggs) by preventing LH release. To confirm the effectiveness of the Lupron treatment, an ultrasound will be performed before the ovarian stimulation is begun and a blood estrogen level will be required. Lupron is available in an injectable form. Therefore, you and your partner will be taught subcutaneous injection. The multi-dose vial should be kept cool (< 75°F), so refrigeration is recommended. This drug should be given at the same time every day (one-hour leeway). If you are starting Lupron after a spontaneous menstrual cycle (no oral contraceptive pills) you should use barrier contraception for the preparatory cycle. Side effects may include: hot flushes, vaginal dryness, and skin rash. Side effects of long-term treatment (greater than six weeks) include hot flushes, vaginal dryness, and bone loss. These side effects are extremely rare after short-term use associated with standard IVF. No long-term side effects after IVF treatment have been known to occur.

Lupron "Down Regulation"
A treatment with Lupron that takes advantage of the suppression of natural hormone (LH and FSH) secretions. Used before injection of gonadotropins to stimulate follicular development.

Lupron "Flare"
A treatment with Lupron that takes advantage of the initial stimulation and rise or "flare" of the woman's LH and FSH levels after the start of Lupron administration, lasting one to three days.

Luteal Phase
The last fourteen days of an ovulatory cycle, associated with progesterone production from the corpus luteum.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
A hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. In females it stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. In men LH stimulates the development of interstitial tissue as well as the secretion of testosterone. The increase in LH (produced by the pituitary gland) during the middle of a woman's cycle triggers ovulation, the release of a ripened egg from a follicle.

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M

Male Factor Infertility
Infertility that can be attributed to a reproductive problem in the male partner. In roughly 35% of all infertility cases, the cause is attributed to a factor in the male and in some 25% of cases the cause is attributed to both male and female factors. Male factor infertility can include any of the following problems: lack of sperm, low sperm counts, poor motility or movement of the sperm, poor sperm quality, sperm that lack the ability to penetrate an egg, or problems with sperm delivery such as retrograde ejaculation.

Media
Containing nutritive growth substances enabling cells to survive in an artificial environment.

Meiosis
The process of two consecutive nuclear divisions in the formation of gamete cells, by which the number of chromosomes is reduced from the diploid, or double, number found in somatic cells to the haploid, or halved, number found in gametes (sperm and ova).

Menotropin
See Human Menopausal Gonadotropin.

Menses
A woman's menstrual flow or period.

Menopause
The end of menstruation in the female, occurring usually around the age of 50, when the ovaries stop releasing eggs and estrogen levels decline.

Menstrual
Pertaining to menstruation (the menses), as in last menstrual period, menstrual cramps, menstrual cycle, and premenstrual syndrome. From the Latin menstrualis, from mensis meaning month.

Metrodinâ„¢
Human FSH prepared in an injectable form for ovarian stimulation.

Microinsemination
A laboratory technique in which sperm are injected next to the egg cell surface to increase the likelihood of fertilization.

Micromanipulation
The mechanical manipulation of oocytes, sperm, or embryos under a microscope. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), assisted hatching, and embryo biopsy are all forms of micromanipulation.

MicroSort®
A method used to select a baby's sex or gender by separating X-bearing (female) sperm from Y-bearing (male) sperm. The MicroSort technology is based on the difference in size between an X chromosome and the much smaller Y chromosome. Since chromosomes are made of DNA, human sperm cells having an X chromosome will contain approximately 2.8% more total DNA than sperm cells having a Y chromosome . This DNA difference can be measured and the X- and Y-bearing sperm cells individually separated using a modified flow cytometer instrument. The resulting purity (enrichment) of the separated sperm cells can be determined by a DNA analysis method called FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) in a small unused portion of the sorted sample. FISH uses DNA probes that specifically attach to either the X or Y chromosome in sperm and emit a red/pink color for X-bearing sperm and green for Y-bearing sperm. The X- and Y-bearing sperm can be identified and counted under a microscope to determine the purity. At the present time the MicroSort technology yields a better than 80% success rate in selecting for female babies and a better than 70% success rate in selecting for male babies.

Microsurgical Sperm Aspiration
A procedure using an operating microscope to obtain sperm that can be used in conjunction with Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) to treat certain cases of male infertility.

Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA)
A microsurgical procedure to extract fluid and sperm directly from an epididymal tubule, where sperm is stored. The sperm is prepared in the laboratory for use with ICSI.

Miscarriage
Inadvertent loss of a pregnancy before the fetus is viable. A considerable proportion of pregnancies end in a miscarriage. Also called a spontaneous abortion.

Morphology
The form or shape of the sperm. Poor morphology can cause problems when trying to conceive as the shape of the sperm can affect their ability to swim and also their ability to penetrate the egg.

Motility
The movement of sperm within the semen.

Multiple Birth
The birth of two or more offspring produced in the same gestational period.

Multiple Gestation or Multiple Pregnancy
The conception of two or more fetuses in the same woman at the same time, whether or not they result in live births.

Myoma
See Fibroid.

Myomectomy
A surgical procedure to remove fibroids from the uterus and repair the uterine wall. (See also Advanced Laparoscopic Surgery)

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N

Non-obstructive Azoospermia
Azoospermia that is due to absence or marked reduction of sperm production by the testes.

Norethindrone Acetate
See Aygestin.

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O

Obstetrics
The art and science of managing pregnancy, labor and the puerperium (the time after delivery).

Obstructive Azoospermia
Azoospermia that is due to a blockage in the sperm duct system.

OHSS
See Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome.

Oligo-Ovulation
Irregular ovulation.

Oligozoospermia
An abnormally low number of sperm in the ejaculate.

Oocyte
An immature female gamete, or "egg." The term "oocyte" usually refers to an immature egg, while the term "ovum" refers to a mature egg

Oocyte Aspiration
See Egg Retrieval.

Oocyte Donation
See Egg Donation.

Oocyte Retrieval
A surgical procedure, usually under sedation, to collect the eggs contained with the ovarian follicles before ovulation. The physician inserts a needle into the follicle, draws out the follicle's fluid and egg through the needle, and then places the fluid and egg into a dish for identification by the embryologist.

Oral Contraceptives
Although typically prescribed to prevent pregnancy, oral contraceptives may be prescribed to IVF cycling patients to inhibit ovulation and quiet the ovaries in advance of egg stimulation using injectable hormones. This "down time" helps the ovaries respond better to treatment. In much the same way that oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy by inhibiting normal ovulation, these drugs are used in IVF and related procedures to turn off the body's natural ovulatory cycle. Side effects may include: abdominal pain or cramps; diarrhea; fatigue; unusual tiredness; weakness; hot flashes; decreased sex drive; nausea; trouble sleeping; depression, irritability, or other mood changes; swelling in the face, ankles, or feet; weight gain.

Ovarian Cyst
A fluid-filled sac inside the ovary. An ovarian cyst may be found in conjunction with ovarian disorders, tumors of the ovary, and endometriosis.

Ovarian Failure
The failure of the ovary to respond to FSH stimulation from the pituitary because of damage to or malformation of the ovary. Diagnosed by elevated FSH in the blood.

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
A possible side effect of treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) in which ovaries become painful and swollen and fluid may accumulate in the abdomen and chest. Close monitoring of IVF patients helps to minimize the occurrence of OHSS.

Ovarian Reserve
The number and quality of eggs remaining in a woman. Some never mature, while others mature and are released during menstrual cycles.

Ovary
The sexual gland of the female that produces the hormones estrogen and progesterone, and in which the ova are developed. A woman has two ovaries, one on each side of the pelvis, which are connected to the uterus by the fallopian tubes.

Ovidrel
See Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

Ovulation
The release of a mature egg into the fallopian tubes. During ovulation, an ovum will pass from the ovaries, through the fallopian tubes, to the uterus. Ovulation is initiated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH). Fertilization normally occurs when a woman is ovulating

Ovulation Induction
A type of infertility treatment that uses hormone therapy to stimulate oocyte (egg) development and release. Initial therapy may include oral tablets taken for a few days (clomiphene citrate). Second-line ovulation induction therapy may require the use of injectable fertility medications, which are the same as hormones found in the body, but administered in higher doses than are produced naturally. In either case, the desired effect is to promote the release of mature eggs on a known schedule, increasing the chances of pregnancy through intercourse.

Ovulation Prediction Kit
A home test kit that measures a surge of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) to determine the days when the female is most fertile, i.e., most likely to get pregnant.

Ovulatory Dysfunction
Any one of a number of conditions that affect menstruation and ovulation. Ovulatory dysfunction results from congenital defects, hormonal deficiencies, and/or the aging process. Types include amenorrhea, lack of a period; anovulation, when no eggs are released during ovulation; oligoovulation, characterized by longer cycles and infrequent ovulation and luteal phase defects; and other types of ovulatory dysfunction.

Ovum
The egg or oocyte; the female gamete.

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P

Pap Smear
A procedure in which cells are removed from the surface of the cervix and studied under a microscope.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
PID is the general term for inflammation of the female genital tract. It is caused by a serious infection and can lead to irreparable damage to the fallopian tubes. PID is often caused by a sexually transmitted disease such as gonorrhea or Chlamydia.

Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA)
A procedure in which sperm are removed from the epididymis, a long coiled tube above each of the testes, through a needle. PESA allows a physician to extract a small amount of sperm from a man who, for any number of reasons, is not able to ejaculate enough healthy sperm. A downside to PESA is that it collects a relatively small sample of sperm.

Pergonal
See Human Menopausal Gonadotropin.

Pituitary Gland
An organ at the base of the brain that secretes the hormones prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Known as the "master gland," the pituitary gland controls most of the other endocrine glands of the body.

Placenta
A temporary organ joining the mother and fetus, the placenta transfers oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus, and permits the release of carbon dioxide and waste products from the fetus. It is roughly disk-shaped, and at full term measures about seven inches in diameter and a bit less than two inches thick. The upper surface of the placenta is smooth, while the under surface is rough. The placenta is rich in blood vessels.

Polar Body
Two microscopic structures that are produced by the ripening egg and degenerate after fertilization. Examination of the polar bodies can provide an indication of the egg's chromosomal content.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
A genetically-linked hormonal imbalance that prevents ovulation. PCOS may also cause overproduction of estrogen, abnormal thickening of the uterine lining, very heavy and/or irregular periods, as well as acne and facial hair. The latter are caused by an overproduction of male hormones, including testosterone.

Polyp
A small growth or fold of the lining in the uterus or cervix.

Polyspermy   
Abnormal condition where the oocyte is fertilized by more than 1 sperm.

Post-Coital Test (PCT)    
The microscopic analysis of a sample of vaginal and cervical secretions that has been collected after sexual intercourse.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
A technique that involves examination of the chromosomes contained in the polar body, taken from an egg, or a blastomere from a developing embryo. Using a special technique, scientists and geneticists can look for genetic abnormalities that can affect embryo implantation, contribute to miscarriage, or cause genetic disease in offspring.

Pregnancy
The state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus within the female body. This condition can be indicated by positive results on an over-the-counter urine test, and confirmed through a blood test, ultrasound, detection of fetal heartbeat, or an X-ray. Pregnancy lasts for about nine months, measured from the date of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP). It is conventionally divided into three trimesters, each roughly three months long.

Pregnancy test
A test that typically measures levels of hCG in urine to determine if a woman is pregnant.

Pregnyl
See Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
The procedure used to detect genetic or chromosomal abnormalities on embryos created during an IVF cycle. This is a delicately precise micro-manipulative procedure, in which embryologists remove either necessary DNA from the egg shortly after fertilization (polar body biopsy) or a single cell from a three-day old embryo (embryo biopsy). Molecular biologists examine

Premature Ovarian Failure
Also called early menopause, this can result from exposure to certain chemicals, chemotherapy and radiation for cancer treatment. Other causes are certain genetic disorders and certain immunological abnormalities.

Primary Infertility (PI)
Refers to those struggling with infertility without ever having conceived. Popular usage extends to those who have conceived but have not had a live birth.

Profasi
See Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

Progestin
A synthetic substance that chemically resembles progesterone. See Aygestin.

Progesterone
A major female hormone produced by the corpus luteum and later, when an embryo develops, by the placenta. Progesterone is needed to prepare and sustain the uterus for pregnancy. It controls the development of the lining of the uterus and prepares it for embryo implantation. If progesterone production is inadequate, the endometrium will not be able to sustain the implantation of the embryo.

Prolactin
A female hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, that controls lactation (breast milk production). Elevated prolactin levels (>25 ng/ml) may interfere with ovulation.

Pronuclear Stage Tubal Transfer (PROST) (ZIFT)   
Oocytes are aspirated, allowed to fertilize in vitro and the conceptus transferred before cell division (cleavage).

Pronucleus
A specialized stage of the oocyte or sperm nucleus before their union. After this union the conceptus is referred to as a zygote.

Prostate Gland
A structure in the male reproductive system through which semen enters the urethra (a long tube leading from the prostate gland to the end of the penis) prior to ejaculation.

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R

Range
In medicine and statistics, the difference between the lowest and highest numerical values. For example, if five premature infants are born weighing two, three, four, four, and five pounds respectively, the range of their birth weights is two to five pounds.

Recombinant (Human) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (R-FSH or R-hFSH)
Genetically engineered follicle-stimulating hormone, as opposed to the FSH extracted from the urine of post-menopausal women. See Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.

Reproductive Endocrinologist (RE)
An obstetrician/ gynecologist who specializes in female reproduction. A reproductive endocrinologist must attain additional academic and clinical training, a fellowship, in reproduction and the diagnosis and treatment of infertility.

Reproductive Surgery
Procedures used to treat men and women with physical problems that have interfered with their fertility. Reproductive surgery is used to treat such conditions as obstruction of the fallopian tubes, endometriosis, and uterine fibroids in women, and obstruction of the epididymis and varicocele in men.

Repronex
See Human Menopausal Gonadotropin.

RESOLVE
A national organization devoted to education and advocacy about infertility.

Retrograde Ejaculation
A male infertility problem that causes sperm to travel to the bladder rather than out of the opening of the penis due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the base of the bladder.

Rubella Titer
A blood test that determines if the patient is immune to rubella (German measles), a viral disease that can cause severe birth defects. If a woman is not immune to rubella, she may be advised to have a rubella vaccination, wait one month before attempting pregnancy, and then re-test for immunity.

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S

Scrotum
A pouch of skin which contains the testes, epididymides, and lower portions of the spermatic cords.

Secondary Infertility
The inability to conceive or carry to term a pregnancy after having successfully conceived and carried one or more pregnancies.

Semen
The fluid that is released through the penis during orgasm. Semen is made up of fluid and of sperm. The fluid comes from the prostate, seminal vesicle and other sex glands. The sperm are manufactured in the testicles. The seminal fluid helps transport the sperm during orgasm. Seminal fluid contains sugar as an energy source for sperm.

Semen Analysis
Part of the male infertility work-up. Semen analysis is used to determine the quantity and quality of sperm available for fertilization.

Seminal Vesicle
A small pouch located behind the male's bladder and connected to the vas deferens, through which semen and sperm pass on the way to the prostate gland and urethra.

Seminiferous Tubules
Tiny tubes, located in the male testes, in which sperm is produced.

Serephene
See Clomiphene Citrate.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Any one of a number of infectious diseases that are transmitted through sexual intercourse such as: gonorrhea, Chlamydia and HIV. Sexually transmitted diseases can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and other fertility-related problems in women.

Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) 
A voluntary regulatory and consultative organization of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine responsible for assisted reproduction.

Sperm
Male sex cells, or "gametes." Sperm, medically referred to as spermatozoa, are mobile haploid cells that fertilize eggs. Sperm cells provide the genetic information that determines an embryo’s sex.

Sperm Aspiration
Methods used to obtain sperm from men who do not have adequate sperm specimens in their ejaculate. Sperm are extracted surgically, or through a needle, and are used in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Four sperm aspiration techniques in use today are microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA), percutaneous sperm aspiration (PESA), testicular sperm extraction (TESE), and testicular sperm aspiration (TESA)

Sperm Antibodies (Immunological Response)
Entities that may attack and destroy sperm cells. These antibodies can be produced by women and by men against their own sperm, often seen in men who have had a vasectomy.

Sperm Antibody Test
In some couples blood, semen and/or cervical mucus contain substances which hinder sperm action through an allergic or immune reaction.

Sperm donation
The process in which a man gives a sperm sample to a clinic or sperm bank so that it can be used to artificially inseminate a woman who wishes to be pregnant.

Sperm Freezing
A service offered to men wishing to store healthy sperm for use in later attempts at fathering children. Sperm are mixed with cryoprotectants, gradually cooled, then frozen and stored

Sperm Morphology
The size and shape (form) of an individual sperm.

Sperm Motility
The ability of a sperm cell to "swim." Sperm cells are equipped with long tails that propel them through fluids in a woman’s body, and into her fallopian tubes. Sperm motility tests measure a sperm cell’s ability to swim

Sperm Penetration Assay (SPA)    
A test where sperm are incubated with non-viable hamster eggs to determine the capacity of the sperm to fertilize.

Sperm Washing
A technique used by physicians to separate sperm cells from seminal plasma. Washed sperm are used to fertilize a woman’s eggs. Sperm washing may allow an HIV-positive man to father children with minimal risk to his partner and child.

Split Ejaculate
A method of collecting a semen specimen so that the first portion of the ejaculate is caught in one container and the rest in a second container. In most men the first specimen will contain the vast majority of the sperm.

Spontaneous Abortion
A miscarriage or the unintended termination of a pregnancy before the twentieth week.

STD
See Sexually Transmitted Disease.

Sterility
The total inability to reproduce. Not to be confused with infertility.

Stimulation
Administration of hormones that induce development of multiple ovarian follicles.

Surrogacy
When a couple asks or hires another woman to carry a child for them. The child may be biologically related to the couple, to the male partner and the surrogate, or be conceived using a donor egg, sperm or embryo.

Surrogate Parent
A woman who carries a pregnancy for another couple. A surrogate mother may receive the embryo from the parent couple or may be artificially inseminated with the male partner’s sperm. When the child is born, the surrogate mother relinquishes him or her to the parent couple. Surrogacy can sometimes present legal and ethical issues for the parents and/or the surrogate mother.

Swim-up Test
A technique that separates motile sperm from non-m